Kowa ya san ana buƙatar maganadisu a cikin kayan aikin lantarki kamar su lasifika, lasifika, da belun kunne, to wadanne irin rawa magnet ke takawa a cikin na'urorin lantarki? Menene tasirin aikin maganadisu akan ingancin fitowar sauti? Wani maganadisu ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a cikin masu magana da halaye daban-daban?
Ku zo ku bincika lasifikan da lasifikan magana tare da ku a yau.
Babban bangaren da ke da alhakin yin sauti a cikin na'urar mai jiwuwa shine lasifika, wanda akafi sani da lasifika. Ko sitiriyo ne ko belun kunne, wannan mahimmin ɓangaren abu ne mai mahimmanci. Lasifikar wani nau'i ne na na'ura mai canzawa wanda ke canza siginar lantarki zuwa siginar sauti. Ayyukan mai magana yana da tasiri mai girma akan ingancin sauti. Idan kana son fahimtar maganadisu na magana, dole ne ka fara farawa da tsarin sauti na lasifikar.
Gabaɗaya mai magana ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa kamar T iron, magnet, muryoyin murya da diaphragm. Dukanmu mun san cewa za a samar da filin maganadisu a cikin wayar da ke tafiyar da ita, kuma ƙarfin halin yanzu yana rinjayar ƙarfin filin maganadisu (alkimar filin maganadisu yana bin ka'idodin hannun dama). Ana samar da filin maganadisu mai dacewa. Wannan filin maganadisu yana mu'amala da filin maganadisu wanda magnet akan lasifika ya samar. Wannan ƙarfin yana haifar da muryoyin murya don girgiza tare da ƙarfin halin yanzu na sauti a filin maganadisu. An haɗa diaphragm na lasifikar da muryoyin murya tare. Lokacin da muryoyin murya da diaphragm na lasifikar suka yi rawar jiki tare don tura iskar da ke kewaye don girgiza, lasifikar yana samar da sauti.
A cikin yanayin ƙarar maganadisu iri ɗaya da muryar murya iri ɗaya, aikin maganadisu yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan ingancin sautin lasifikar:
-Mafi girman girman ƙarfin maganadisu (shigar maganadisu) B na maganadisu, ƙarfin ƙarfin da ke aiki akan membrane na sauti.
-Mafi girman girman magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) B, mafi girman iko, kuma mafi girman matakin matsa lamba na SPL (hankali).
Hankalin wayar kai yana nufin matakin matsi na sauti wanda belun kunne zai iya fitarwa lokacin da yake nuni da sine na 1mw da 1khz. Naúrar matsewar sauti ita ce dB (decibel), mafi girman ƙarfin sauti, mafi girman ƙarar, don haka mafi girman hankali, raguwar rashin ƙarfi, yana da sauƙi ga belun kunne don samar da sauti.
-Mafi girman girman ƙarfin maganadisu (ƙarfin shigar da maganadisu) B, ƙarancin ƙimar Q na jimlar ingancin ingancin mai magana.
Q darajar (qualityfactor) yana nufin rukuni na sigogi na ma'aunin damping na lasifikar, inda Qms shine damping na tsarin inji, wanda ke nuna sha da amfani da makamashi a cikin motsi na sassan masu magana. Qes shine damping na tsarin wutar lantarki, wanda aka fi nunawa a cikin yawan wutar lantarki na juriyar muryar muryar DC; Qts shine jimlar damping, kuma dangantakar dake tsakanin waɗannan biyun shine Qts = Qms * Qes / (Qms + Qes).
-Mafi girman girman ƙarfin maganadisu (induction magnet) B, mafi kyawun ɗan lokaci.
Ana iya fahimtar mai wucewa azaman "amsa da sauri" ga siginar, Qms yana da girma sosai. Wayoyin kunnuwan da ke da kyakkyawar amsa ta wucin gadi yakamata su amsa da zarar siginar ta zo, kuma siginar zata tsaya da zarar ta tsaya. Misali, sauyi daga gubar zuwa tarawa ya fi fitowa fili a cikin ganguna da kade-kade na manyan fage.
Akwai nau'ikan maganadisu iri uku a kasuwa: aluminum nickel cobalt, ferrite da neodymium iron boron, Abubuwan maganadisu da ake amfani da su a cikin electroacoustics galibi neodymium maganadiso da ferrites. Suna wanzu a cikin girma dabam dabam na zobe ko siffofin diski. Ana amfani da NdFeB sau da yawa a cikin manyan samfuran. Sautin da aka yi ta hanyar maganadisu neodymium yana da ingancin sauti mai kyau, ingantaccen sautin sauti, kyakkyawan aikin sauti, da daidaitaccen yanayin filin sauti. Dogaro da kyakkyawan aikin Honsen Magnetics, ƙananan ƙarfe neodymium baƙin ƙarfe boron ya fara maye gurbin manyan jiragen ruwa masu nauyi a hankali.
Alnico shine farkon maganadisu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin masu magana, kamar mai magana a cikin 1950s da 1960s (wanda aka sani da tweeters). Gabaɗaya an yi shi cikin lasifikar maganadisu na ciki (nau'in maganadisu na waje shima akwai). Rashin hasara shi ne cewa ƙarfin yana da ƙananan, kewayon mitar yana kunkuntar, mai wuya da raguwa, kuma sarrafawa yana da wuyar gaske. Bugu da kari, cobalt abu ne mai karanci, kuma farashin aluminum nickel cobalt yana da inganci. Daga hangen aikin farashi, amfani da aluminum nickel cobalt don maganadisu yana da ƙananan ƙananan.
Ana yin ferrite gabaɗaya zuwa lasifikan maganadisu na waje. Ayyukan maganadisu na ferrite ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi, kuma ana buƙatar takamaiman ƙara don saduwa da ƙarfin tuƙi na lasifikar. Don haka, ana amfani da shi gabaɗaya don manyan masu magana da sauti. Amfanin ferrite shine cewa yana da arha kuma yana da tsada; illar ita ce ƙarar tana da girma, ƙarfin ƙarami kuma ƙarami ne.
Abubuwan maganadisu na NdFeB sun fi AlNiCo da ferrite kuma a halin yanzu sun fi amfani da maganadisu akan lasifika, musamman manyan lasifika. Fa'idar ita ce, a ƙarƙashin wannan juzu'in maganadisu, ƙarar sa ƙarami ne, ƙarfin yana da girma, kuma yawan mitar yana da faɗi. A halin yanzu, HiFi belun kunne suna amfani da irin wannan maganadisu. Rashin hasara shine saboda abubuwan da ba su da yawa na duniya, farashin kayan ya fi girma.
Da farko, wajibi ne a bayyana yanayin zafin jiki inda mai magana ke aiki, da kuma ƙayyade wane magnet ya kamata a zaba bisa ga zafin jiki. Mabambantan maganadisu suna da halaye na juriya na zafin jiki daban-daban, kuma matsakaicin zafin aikin da zasu iya tallafawa shima ya bambanta. Lokacin da yanayin yanayin aiki na maganadisu ya wuce matsakaicin zafin aiki, al'amura kamar haɓaka aikin maganadisu da lalatawa na iya faruwa, waɗanda zasu shafi tasirin sauti kai tsaye.
